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@MastersThesis{Gatti:2022:AsMiNu,
               author = "Gatti, Eliana Cristine",
                title = "Aspectos microf{\'{\i}}sicos de nuvens geradoras de chuva 
                         intensa em curt{\'{\i}}ssimo prazo no Brasil",
               school = "Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)",
                 year = "2022",
              address = "S{\~a}o Jos{\'e} dos Campos",
                month = "2022-06-10",
             keywords = "chuvas intensas, processos microf{\'{\i}}sicos, radar 
                         meteorol{\'o}gico, vari{\'a}veis polarim{\'e}tricas, 
                         nowcasting, heavy rainfall, microphysical processes, weather 
                         radar, polarimetric variables.",
             abstract = "Eventos de chuva intensa ocorrem com frequ{\^e}ncia no Brasil, os 
                         quais por muitas vezes s{\~a}o respons{\'a}veis por altos 
                         acumulados num curto per{\'{\i}}odo de tempo e normalmente 
                         est{\~a}o associados {\`a} inunda{\c{c}}{\~o}es r{\'a}pidas 
                         (flash floods). Apesar de ser um evento comum, existe uma escassez 
                         de estudos que envolvam eventos de chuva intensa em escala 
                         sub-di{\'a}ria no pa{\'{\i}}s e que realizem 
                         avalia{\c{c}}{\~o}es mais espec{\'{\i}}ficas associadas aos 
                         aspectos que permitem a ocorr{\^e}ncia de tais eventos. Dessa 
                         forma, o presente estudo tem o principal objetivo de avaliar a 
                         exist{\^e}ncia de algum padr{\~a}o em rela{\c{c}}{\~a}o {\`a} 
                         estrutura e {\`a} microf{\'{\i}}sica das nuvens 
                         respons{\'a}veis pela gera{\c{c}}{\~a}o de chuvas intensas 
                         sobre o Brasil, que ocasionam altos acumulados em 
                         curt{\'{\i}}ssimo prazo (1h). A partir da ado{\c{c}}{\~a}o de 
                         um limiar fixo de 40 mm/h, e da aplica{\c{c}}{\~a}o de 
                         crit{\'e}rios de valida{\c{c}}{\~a}o, 83 eventos foram 
                         selecionados como objeto de estudo, distribu{\'{\i}}dos pelas 
                         cinco regi{\~o}es do Brasil e cobertos por radares de 
                         polariza{\c{c}}{\~a}o simples e/ou dupla. Atrav{\'e}s do 
                         c{\'a}lculo dos CFADs (Contoured Frequency by Altitude Diagrams) 
                         de refletividade do radar e do conte{\'u}do de {\'a}gua VIL 
                         (Verticaly Integrated Liquid) e gelo VII (Verticaly Integrated 
                         Ice) integrados nas nuvens, avaliam-se as caracter{\'{\i}}sticas 
                         da estrutura vertical das nuvens geradoras dos eventos ocorridos 
                         dentro de uma mesma regi{\~a}o brasileira. Como nem todos os 
                         eventos possuem cobertura de radares polarim{\'e}tricos, os CFADs 
                         das cinco regi{\~o}es do Brasil s{\~a}o gerados apenas com a 
                         vari{\'a}vel refletividade. No entanto, as an{\'a}lises em 
                         rela{\c{c}}{\~a}o {\`a}s caracter{\'{\i}}sticas 
                         microf{\'{\i}}sicas das nuvens se tornam limitadas devido a 
                         isso. Para suprir tal limita{\c{c}}{\~a}o, adicionam-se 
                         tr{\^e}s estudos de caso a fim de avaliar {\`a} 
                         microf{\'{\i}}sica de eventos em diferentes localidades. Para 
                         isso, utilizam-se as se{\c{c}}{\~o}es verticais das 
                         vari{\'a}veis polarim{\'e}tricas ZDR, KDP e \ρHV . 
                         Al{\'e}m disso, um quarto estudo de caso {\'e} apresentado, no 
                         qual realiza-se uma an{\'a}lise microf{\'{\i}}sica de eventos 
                         que ocorreram na regi{\~a}o Sudeste do Brasil. Esse {\'u}ltimo 
                         estudo de caso foi adicionado no intuito de agregar mais 
                         informa{\c{c}}{\~a}o sobre o tema, e para destacar e incentivar 
                         as diversas possibilidades de an{\'a}lises que futuramente podem 
                         ser realizadas, uma vez que o estudo de eventos de chuva intensa 
                         em curt{\'{\i}}ssimo prazo n{\~a}o {\'e} suficientemente 
                         explorado no pa{\'{\i}}s. Os resultados mostram que o tipo de 
                         sistema respons{\'a}vel pela gera{\c{c}}{\~a}o dos eventos 
                         {\'e} um grande influenciador dos resultados, uma vez que {\'e} 
                         dif{\'{\i}}cil encontrar certos padr{\~o}es quando se tem 
                         diversos tipos de estruturas de nuvens. Essa 
                         caracter{\'{\i}}stica foi observada nas regi{\~o}es Sul, 
                         Sudeste e Centro-Oeste. Os CFADs regionais mostram que a coluna 
                         convectiva principal dos eventos apresenta refletividades dentro 
                         do intervalo 40-50 dBZ, a qual estende-se de maneira geral, 
                         at{\'e} aproximadamente 6km de altura. Os eventos selecionados na 
                         regi{\~a}o Sul foram os que apresentaram os maiores VIL e VII ao 
                         longo dos instantes analisados. A partir da an{\'a}lise 
                         microf{\'{\i}}sica dos estudos de caso, em grande parte dos 
                         eventos, observou-se que o in{\'{\i}}cio da 
                         precipita{\c{c}}{\~a}o mais intensa {\'e} caracterizado por um 
                         fortalecimento moment{\^a}neo da corrente ascendente, a qual 
                         {\'e} respons{\'a}vel por transportar gotas e got{\'{\i}}culas 
                         para regi{\~o}es mais altas das nuvens. Parte desse conte{\'u}do 
                         l{\'{\i}}quido congela, e em apenas 10 minutos depois j{\'a} 
                         observa-se o derretimento do gelo e a intensifica{\c{c}}{\~a}o 
                         da corrente descendente, ou seja, s{\~a}o eventos que apresentam 
                         caracter{\'{\i}}sticas de intensifica{\c{c}}{\~a}o em sua 
                         estrutura de maneira muito r{\'a}pida, o que dificulta sua 
                         previsibilidade e a emiss{\~a}o de avisos espec{\'{\i}}ficos em 
                         tempo h{\'a}bil. ABSTRACT: Heavy rainfall events occur frequently 
                         in Brazil, which are often responsible for high values of rain in 
                         a short period, and are usually associated with flash floods. 
                         Despite being a common event, there is a scarcity of studies that 
                         involve heavy rain events on a sub-daily scale in the country and 
                         that carry out more specific assessments associated with the 
                         aspects that allow such events to occur. Thus, evaluate the 
                         existence of some pattern concerning the structure and 
                         microphysics of the clouds responsible for the generation of heavy 
                         rainfall over Brazil, which causes high values in the very short 
                         term (1h) is the main objective of this study. From the adoption 
                         of a fixed threshold of 40 mm/h and the application of validation 
                         criteria, 83 events were selected as the object of this study, 
                         distributed across the five regions of Brazil and covered by 
                         single and/or dual-polarization radars. The characteristics of the 
                         vertical structure of the clouds event are evaluated through the 
                         CFADs (Contoured Frequency by Altitude Diagrams) of radar 
                         reflectivity and the VIL (Vertically Integrated Liquid) and VII 
                         (Vertically Integrated Ice) water content integrated into the 
                         clouds. As all events have not polarimetric radar coverage, the 
                         CFADs of the five regions of Brazil are generated only with the 
                         reflectivity variable. However, analyses regarding the 
                         microphysical characteristics of clouds become limited due to 
                         this. To overcome this limitation, three case studies are added to 
                         evaluate the microphysics of events in different locations. For 
                         this, the vertical sections of the polarimetric variables ZDR, KDP 
                         and \ρHV are used. In addition, a fourth case study is 
                         presented, in which a microphysical analysis of events that 
                         occurred in the Southeast region of Brazil is carried out. This 
                         last case study was added to add more information on the subject 
                         and to highlight and encourage the various possibilities of 
                         analysis that can be carried out in the future since the study of 
                         heavy rain events in the very short term is not sufficiently 
                         explored in the country. The results show that the type of system 
                         responsible for generating the events is a major influencer on the 
                         results since it is difficult to find certain patterns when you 
                         have different types of cloud structures. This characteristic was 
                         observed in the South, Southeast, and Center-West regions. 
                         Regional CFADs show that the main convective column of events has 
                         reflectivities within the 40-50 dBZ range, which generally extends 
                         up to approximately 6 km. The events selected in the South region 
                         were those that presented the highest VIL and VII over the 
                         analyzed moments. From the microphysical analysis of the case 
                         studies, it was observed that the beginning of the most intense 
                         precipitation is characterized by a momentary strengthening of the 
                         updraft, which is responsible for transporting drops and droplets 
                         to higher regions of the clouds. Part of this liquid content 
                         freezes and just 10 minutes later, ice melting and the downdraft 
                         intensification are already observed. Therefore, these are events 
                         that present characteristics of very rapid intensification in 
                         their structure, which makes their predictability difficult and 
                         issuing specific warnings on time.",
            committee = "Vila, Daniel Alejandro (presidente/orientador) and Costa, Izabelly 
                         Carvalho da and Ribeiro, Bruno Zanetti and Biscaro, Thiago Souza",
         englishtitle = "Microphysical aspects os clouds responsible for heavy rainfall 
                         events in very short term in Brazil",
             language = "pt",
                pages = "91",
                  ibi = "8JMKD3MGP3W34T/476NNHL",
                  url = "http://urlib.net/ibi/8JMKD3MGP3W34T/476NNHL",
           targetfile = "publicacao.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "2024, May 02"
}


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